Captive Insurance and Other Tax Reduction Strategies – The Good, Bad, and Ugly

By Lance Wallach                                                                  May 14th

Every accountant knows that increased cash flow and cost savings are critical for businesses.  What is uncertain is the best path to recommend to garner these benefits.

Over the past decade business owners have been overwhelmed by a plethora of choices designed to reduce the cost of providing employee benefits while increasing their own retirement savings. The solutions ranged from traditional pension and profit sharing plans to more advanced strategies.

Some strategies, such as IRS section 419 and 412(i) plans, used life insurance as vehicles to bring about benefits. Unfortunately, the high life insurance commissions (often 90% of the contribution, or more) fostered an environment that led to aggressive and noncompliant plans.

The result has been thousands of audits and an IRS task force seeking out tax shelter promotion. For unknowing clients, the tax consequences are enormous. For their accountant advisors, the liability may be equally extreme.

Recently, there has been an explosion in the marketing of a financial product called Captive Insurance Plans. These so called “Captives” are typically small insurance companies designed to insure the risks of an individual business under IRS code section 831(b). When properly designed, a business can make tax-deductible premium payments to a related-party insurance company. Depending on circumstances, underwriting profits, if any, can be paid out to the owners as dividends, and profits from liquidation of the company may be taxed as capital gains.

While captives can be a great cost saving tool, they also are expensive to build and manage. Also, captives are allowed to garner tax benefits because they operate as real insurance companies. Advisors and business owners who misuse captives or market them as estate planning tools, asset protection vehicles, tax deferral or other benefits not related to the true business purpose of an insurance company face grave regulatory and tax consequences.

A recent concern is the integration of small captives with life insurance policies. Small captives under section 831(b) have no statutory authority to deduct life premiums. Also, if a small captive uses life insurance as an investment, the cash value of the life policy can be taxable at corporate rates, and then will be taxable again when distributed.  The consequence of this double taxation is to devastate the efficacy of the life insurance, and it extends serious liability to any accountant who recommends the plan or even signs the tax return of the business that pays premiums to the captive.

The IRS is aware that several large insurance companies are promoting their life insurance policies as investments with small captives. The outcome looks eerily like that of the 419 plans and 412(i) plans mentioned above.

Remember, if something looks too good to be true, it usually is. There are safe and conservative ways to use captive insurance structures to lower costs and obtain benefits for businesses. And, some types of captive insurance products do have statutory protection for deducting life insurance premiums (although not 831(b) captives). Learning what works and is safe is the first step an accountant should take in helping his or her clients use these powerful, but highly technical insurance tools. 

Lance Wallach speaks and writes extensively about VEBAs, retirement plans, and tax reduction strategies.  He speaks at more than 70 conventions annually, writes for 50 publications, and was the National Society of Accountants Speaker of the Year.  Contact him at 516.938.5007 or visit www.vebaplan.com.

    The information provided herein is not intended as legal, accounting, financial or any other type of advice for any specific individual or other entity.  You should contact an appropriate professional for any such advice.

Offshore Banking

Foreign Bank Accounts

Offshore Banking is currently under great scrutiny by the US Justice department and the IRS. Offshore bank accounts and offshore income require special reporting to the US government. Owning an offshore account is not illegal, but US income taxpayers are required to declare and report any offshore bank accounts and income each year with their tax returns. The FBAR or Foreign Bank Account Report is used to report a financial interest in or authority over offshore accounts in a foreign country. The willful failure to disclose offshore accounts, or to report all of the information required on an FBAR, can result in severe civil and criminal penalties.

To Read More:http://taxadvisorexpert.com/Resources.html

Jail time for failure to file TD F 90-22.1 Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts

Jail time for failure to file TD F 90-22.1 Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts

A former UBS, AG ("UBS") client from Miami Beach, Florida was sentenced to four months in federal prison for willfully failing to file a Form TD F 90-22.1, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts ("FBAR"), for the UBS account the man held with as much as $4,000,0000 in it. This information was released by the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Florida on July 25 2012.

The former UBS client paid a civil penalty of $2,000,000 related to the $4,000,000 high account balance stemming from tax year 2006. Additionally, the former UBS client was sentenced to four months in federal prison, three years of supervised release, 250 hours of community service and a $20,000 criminal fine.

The UBS account related to two offshore corporations owned by the man, one in the Virgin Islands and one in the Republic of Panama. These corporations opened accounts at UBS. The man was not named as the direct owner but instead he was deemed only the "beneficial owner." The accounts with UBS were opened from tax years 2005 through 2007.

It is stated that the man was aware of the obligation on the FBAR to report as he had previously filed FBARs for other offshore corporations. An FBAR is required to be filed by both U.S. citizens and residents who have a financial interest in or signatory authority over a non-U.S. financial account with a value of more than $10,000 at any point during the tax year. The $10,000 amount is an aggregation of all non-U.S. financial accounts and not just an analysis on an account-by-account basis.

The information on the former UBS client was turned over after UBS agreed in February 2009 to pay $780,000,000 under a deferred prosecution agreement to settle the claim that UBS conspired to defraud the U.S. by impeding the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). UBS also agreed to turn over information to the U.S. Department of Justice on 300 account holders. Google Lance Wallach for more articles on point.

A US citizen or resident that held an account with UBS or any other institution that has not filed the necessary FBARs for the last eight tax years, should immediately reach out to get help to discuss any potential issues they may have and their alternatives. Filing for amnesty and then opting out are two options that our former IRS agents have successfully done for our clients. If not done properly it can be a disaster. We suggest you use a CPA with years of prior experience with the IRS international division.

Lance Wallach, National Society of Accountants Speaker of the Year and member of the AICPA faculty of teaching professionals, is a frequent speaker on FBAR, OVDI, IRS tax amnesty and opting-out abusive tax shelters, international tax, and estate planning.  He writes about 412(i), 419, Section79, FBAR, OVDI,  IRS tax amnesty and opting-out and captive insurance plans. He speaks at more than ten conventions annually, writes for over fifty publications, is quoted regularly in the press and has been featured on television and radio financial talk shows including NBC, National Public Radio’s All Things Considered, and others. Lance has written numerous books including Protecting Clients from Fraud, Incompetence and Scams published by John Wiley and Sons, Bisk Education’s CPA’s Guide to Life Insurance and Federal Estate and Gift Taxation, as well as the AICPA best-selling books, including Avoiding Circular 230 Malpractice Traps and Common Abusive Small Business Hot Spots. He does expert witness testimony and has never lost a case. Contact him at 516.938.5007, wallachinc@gmail.com or lanwalla@aol.com visit www.taxadvisorexperts.com  or www.Lawyer4Audits.com.

The information provided herein is not intended as legal, accounting, financial or any type of advice for any specific individual or other entity. You should contact an appropriate professional for any such advice.

OVDI, FBAR, INTERNATIONAL TAX UPDATE: Deadlines, E-Filing Option and New IRS Form 8938

Lance Wallach
 June 15, 2012 

 American taxpayers. person with a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, any financial account outside the U.S. must file an annual report on Treasury Form TD F 90-22.1 Report of Financial Accounts, commonly known as an “FBAR” if the aggregate value of all such accounts exceeds 10,000 at any time during the calendar year. Unlike tax returns, which may be mailed on the filing deadline and be considered timely, the FBAR for 2011 must have been received by Treasury by June 30, 2012. As summarized below, over the past year, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network “FinCEN” has issued guidance regarding extended filing FBAR deadlines and new filing options. The Internal Revenue Service has also issued a new form Form 8938 that requires additional disclosure regarding foreign financial assets. There is now an online filing option that require only one signature. The online form and instructions provide for a more immediate means by which to ensure that the FBAR was received by the June 30 deadline. Since only one signature can be submitted on the electronic form, the e-filing process is not an option for joint filers. For filers not using the e-filing option, this form must be filed with the U.S. Department of Treasury, P.O. Box 32621, Detroit, MI, 48232-0621. The address for commercial delivery is: IRS Enterprise Computing Center, Attn: CTR Operations Mailroom, 4th Floor, 985 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48226, contact phone number: 313-234-1062. Note that the contact phone number for courier delivery may not be used to confirm receipt of the FBAR. As clarified in the final regulations which were issued last year, the following definitions determine those individuals and entities subject to the FBAR filing obligation: 1. “United States person” is defined to mean a United States citizen or resident; an entity, including but not limited to a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States; and a trust or estate formed under the laws of the United States. Non-U.S. persons doing business in the United States are not required to file FBARs. 2. A “financial account” includes a savings deposit, demand deposit, checking, securities, security derivatives, debt card, prepaid credit card and any other financial instrument account, including certain insurance products and foreign pension funds. This includes an account with “a mutual fund or similar pooled fund which issues shares available to the general public that have a regular net asset value determination and regular redemptions." An equity interest in a hedge fund or private equity fund is not currently considered to be a “financial account,” though the IRS is considering this question further. A United States person having a financial interest in 25 or more foreign financial accounts, or signature or other authority over 25 or more foreign financial accounts need only provide the number of financial accounts and certain other basic information on the FBAR form. If requested in the future, detailed information concerning each account must be provided. 3. A person has a “financial interest” in an account if he has legal title or is the owner of record, regardless of whether the account is maintained for his benefit. For example, IRS guidance provides that an individual who may access a foreign financial account held on another’s behalf due to a power of attorney and who is the owner of record on the account has a “financial interest” in such account and must file the FBAR. In some cases, certain direct and indirect stockholders of corporations, partners of partnerships and persons holding voting or equity interests in other entities may be required to file FBARs with respect to foreign financial accounts of these entities. In particular, these rules apply to a United States person who owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of (a) the voting power or the total value of the shares of a corporation, (b) the interest in profits or capital of a partnership, or (c) the voting power, total value of the equity interest or assets, or interest in profits. For example, if a U.S. corporation owns 100% of a foreign company that has foreign financial accounts, the domestic corporation must file an FBAR, as must any shareholder who owns more than 50% of the voting power or total value of the shares of the U.S. Corporation. A present beneficial interest in more than 50% of the current income or more than 50% of the assets of a trust that holds a foreign financial account triggers an FBAR filing requirement by the trust beneficiary. However, a trust beneficiary does not need to file the FBAR if the trust, trustee or an agent is a United States person and files an FBAR disclosing the trust’s foreign accounts. A person with a remainder interest in a trust is not within the scope of the FBAR. It is also possible that a discretionary beneficiary of a trust may not have an FBAR filing requirement with respect to the trust. 4. “Signature authority” is defined as the power of an individual to control the disposition of assets held in a foreign financial account by direct communication (whether in writing or otherwise) with the financial institution that maintains the financial account. An individual who merely has the power to allocate assets within an account does not have “signature authority” for the purposes of the FBAR filing requirement. Note that a United States person that causes an entity to be created for the purpose of evading the FBAR requirement shall have a reportable financial interest. In addition to any applicable FBAR filing obligations, certain individual U.S. taxpayers holding specified foreign financial assets with an aggregate value exceeding $50,000 must report information about those assets on new Form 8938. Unlike the FBAR, which is filed with the Treasury separate from any other tax filings by a June 30 deadline, Form 8938 must be attached to the individual taxpayer’s annual income tax return. Higher asset thresholds apply to U.S. taxpayers who file a joint tax return or who reside abroad (see below). Form 8938 reporting applies for specified foreign financial assets in which the taxpayer has an interest in taxable years starting after March 18, 2010. For most individual taxpayers, this means they should have started filing Form 8938 with their 2011 income tax return. Individual taxpayers that hold interests in foreign financial accounts may thus need to report such accounts on at least three separate forms: their individual U.S. tax return, the FBAR and Form 8938. Individual taxpayers are encouraged to consult with their tax advisers to determine which of these or other forms may be required. The penalty for failure to file the FBAR, if non-willful, is up to $10,000. Willful failures to comply with the filing requirement incur penalties of up to $100,000 or 50% of the foreign financial account balances; criminal penalties may also apply. The IRS says willfulness can be a conscious effort to avoid learning about FBAR reporting. In its internal audit guidance, the IRS says that with hardly any diligence, a taxpayer could have learned of the FBAR filing requirements quite easily. Thus taxpayers with foreign accounts are advised to read the information the government specifies in its tax forms and instructions. A failure to follow-up on this knowledge may provide evidence of “willful blindness.” The penalty for failure to file Form 8938 is up to $10,000 for a failure to disclose the foreign financial assets and an additional $10,000 for each 30-days of non-filing after the IRS issues a notice of failure to disclose, for a maximum potential penalty of $60,000; criminal penalties may also apply. I suggest that when dealing with these very important issues, it is important to utilize a competent CPA with many years of experience in dealing with international tax. In my opinion a long-term former employee of the IRS who was in the international division would be the first step. If that CPA also was an IRS appeals Officer at sometime in his career that would be a plus. The reason for this is we have seen excellent results when a US taxpayer files for amnesty and then opts out. If this tricky procedure is done properly the US taxpayer ends up dealing with the appeals division of the IRS. When you deal with the Appeals Division of the IRS you almost always get a better deal and pay less taxes that could result in a savings of thousands of dollars. I have received a very large number of phone calls form US taxpayers who are trying to deal with some or all of these issues. Almost all of the advise they have received from CPA’s or attorney’s has been in my opinion been flawed. By filing for amnesty and then properly opting out most taxpayers will save thousands. Lance Wallach, National Society of Accountants Speaker of the Year and member of the AICPA faculty of teaching professionals, is a frequent speaker on retirement plans, abusive tax shelters, financial, international tax, and estate planning. He writes about 412(i), 419, Section79, FBAR and captive insurance plans. He speaks at more than ten conventions annually, writes for more than 50 publications, is quoted regularly in the press and has been featured on television and radio financial talk shows including NBC, National Public Radio’s “All Things Considered” and others. Lance has written numerous books including “Protecting Clients from Fraud, Incompetence and Scams,” published by John Wiley and Sons, Bisk Education’s “CPA’s Guide to Life Insurance and Federal Estate and Gift Taxation,” as well as the AICPA best-selling books, including “Avoiding Circular 230 Malpractice Traps and Common Abusive Small Business Hot Spots.” He does expert witness testimony and has never lost a case. Contact him at 516.938.5007, wallachinc@gmail.com or visit www.taxadvisorexpert.com. The information provided herein is not intended as legal, accounting, financial or any type of advice for any specific individual or other entity. You should contact an appropriate professional for any such advice.

FBAR & IRS: Painful lessons from the 4th Circuit’s US v Williams reversal

July 26, 2012 | FBAR Penalties, International Taxation, Miscellaneous, News, OVDI Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Initiative, Voluntary Disclosure

The 4th Circuit takes a hard line on FBAR penalties

Nearly two years ago, I commentated on the lone FBAR court decision, US v. Williams (4th Cir. Jul 20 2012). In this case, the IRS lost. But because the facts were so unique, so limited, it really wasn’t much of a loss for the IRS. After all:
“…Williams’ tax professionals did not advise him to the requirement to file an FBAR. He said he didn’t know he had to and no one made it clear to him that he needed to. Unlike a strict liability offense where state of mind in irrelevant, in order to be liable for willful failure to file penalties, ones must possess a willful state of mind. Ignorance is at best, negligent.
Second, and here’s what I think it most important — is that for tax year 2000, the due date to report the TDF 90-22.1 form was on June 30, 2001. But the thing is that the IRS already knew about the account — since November 2000 when the account was originally frozen!
So when Williams was required to disclose the accounts existence to the IRS on June 30, 2001, Williams already knew the IRS knew about the Credit Agricole. There is no possible way Williams failure to file the FBAR could have possibly helped him and he must have known that. The court reasoned that the failure to check the box and failure to file a TDF 90-22.1 form by the June 30th deadline could have only been an innocent mistake. There actually was no strategic reason for Williams to file an FBAR — thus, the court inferred that the failure to file was not willful.”
So after the district court ruled against the IRS in 2010, I figured the Williams matter to be pretty much over. The case wasn’t all that strong for the government, and the taxpayer had absolutely nothing to gain by not filing the FBAR. After all, he already plead guilty to tax evasion on income earned from the very bank accounts that the IRS assessed the FBAR penalties. I figured the IRS would move on to more fertile ground, and not appeal. I was wrong. The IRS appealed. And more surprising, this time, they won.
And these are the lessons…
1. The IRS is insanely aggressive in assessing FBAR penalties. The IRS threw everything that had at this case and there was no mercy even though prudence would probably have called for it. So people thinking about a so-called ‘quiet’ or ‘soft’ disclosure think twice. And any tax professional advising a course of action — understand the IRS will probably come after you if they catch wind that you profited from advising something other than compliance.
2. Reliance on tax professional is no defense to FBAR penalties. Williams hired counsel during this time to assist him in coming clean. Clearly they missed having him file an FBAR. And if I were in their shoes, I would probably do no different. I am not criticizing his counsel. Of course, in retrospect, they should have. But how were they to know? They attempted a voluntary disclosure. Shouldn’t the IRS have said ‘jeez, we want to process this voluntary disclosure, but it seems we are missing some FBARs.”
So if you are outside the OVDI program, and get assessed FBAR penalties, do not expect the leniency available if you get into the OVDI program. They will push this all the way (However, If you are in the OVDI program reliance on a tax professional is a legitimate reason). Think about it: If the IRS can and will assess FBAR penalties in this case, what case will they not?
3. Willful is a low, low threshold. The 4th circuit has now ruled that “willful” is tantamount to “I could not possibly benefit from non-compliance, I relied on professional advice, and honestly my failure is what 80% of taxpayers so similarly situated did.”
This is a pertinent fact missing form the decision: According to the IRS records, in 2002, no more than 20% of taxpayer who were required to file FBARs actually filed FBARs. The FBAR filing requirement has been in place since 1970, but because of massive confusion and the Treasury even admitting that it it not have the resource to process them. It was a requirement that was routinely ignored…by everyone.
4. Do not expect justice/commonsense/fairness if you do not make an OVDI disclosure. It will not happen. If you do not like the IRS, you must get political. (or wait until a member of congress get caught in an FBAR scandal. Then maybe we can expect some reasonableness to trickle down). If you want to be treated somewhat fairly, you must disclose) by filing an OVDI an aggressively seek a lower penalty amount.
Here’s the thing. Not everyone who failed to file and FBAR or did not report income earned overseas should be treated like a criminal. And in fact, the opposite the vast majority of noncompliance is from either ex-pats, dual citizens or VISA holders who were under the mistaken assumption that because they paid taxes on income earned in their home/host country, the did not need additionally be taxes by the IRS. As this is totally a reasonable position. Look at the 16th Amendment. Where does it say worldwide income? It doesn’t. It actually took a US Supreme Court case, US v Tait, to rule that yes, the IRS could tax you globally.

Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)

If you have a financial interest in or signature authority over a foreign financial account, including a bank account, brokerage account, mutual fund, trust, or other type of foreign financial account, the Bank Secrecy Act may require you to report the account yearly to the Internal Revenue Service by filing Form TD F 90-22.1, Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR).
The FBAR is required because foreign financial institutions may not be subject to the same reporting requirements as domestic financial institutions. The FBAR is a tool to help the United States government identify persons who may be using foreign financial accounts to circumvent United States law. Investigators use FBARs to help identify or trace funds used for illicit purposes or to identify unreported income maintained or generated abroad.

Recent FBAR Guidance

On February 24, 2011, the Treasury Department published final regulations amending the FBAR regulations. These regulations became effective March 28, 2011, and apply to FBARs required to be filed with respect to foreign financial accounts maintained in calendar year 2010 and for FBARs required to be filed with respect to all subsequent calendar years. The FBAR form and instructions (PDF) have been revised to reflect the amendments made by the final regulations.
On May 31, 2011, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) issued FinCEN Notice 2011-1 (PDF), revised June 6, 2011, to provide administrative relief for certain individuals with signature authority over but no financial interest in foreign financial accounts. On February 14, 2012, FinCEN extended this relief by Notice 2012-1. The deadline to report signature authority over certain accounts has been extended to June 30, 2013 per FinCEN Notice 2012-1 (PDF), for the following individuals:

• an employee or officer of an entity under 31 CFR § 1010.350(f)(2)(i)-(v) who has signature or other authority over and no financial interest in a foreign financial account of a controlled person of the entity; or
• an employee or officer of a controlled person of an entity under 31 CFR § 1010.350(f)(2)(i)-(v) who has signature or other authority over and no financial interest in a foreign financial account of the entity, the controlled person, or another controlled person of the entity.

For purposes of FinCEN Notice 2011-1, a controlled person is a United States or foreign entity more than 50 percent owned (directly or indirectly) by an entity under 31 CFR § 1010.350(f)(2)(i)-(v).
On June 16, 2011, the IRS issued Notice 2011-54 to provide additional administrative relief for individuals with signature authority but no financial interest whose filing requirements were properly deferred under Notice 2009-62 or Notice 2010-23. The deadline to file the FBAR for these individuals was extended until November 1, 2011. This extension only applies to reports for the 2009 or earlier calendar years. This Notice did NOT extend the reporting deadline for calendar year 2010.

On June 17, 2011, FinCEN issued Notice 2011-2 (PDF) to facilitate more accurate

compliance with FBAR filing requirements. Notice 2011-2 was issued to provide administrative relief for certain officers or employees of investment advisors registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission who have signature or other authority but no financial interest in certain foreign financial accounts. On February 14, 2012, FinCEN extended this relief by Notice 2012-1. The deadline to report signature authority over certain accounts has been extended to June 30, 2013, per FinCEN Notice 2012-1 (PDF), for those specified individuals working for advisors registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
On Jan 9, 2012, the IRS reopened the OffshoreVoluntary Disclosure Program following continued strong interest from taxpayers and tax practitioners after the closure of the 2011 and 2009 programs. This program will be open for an indefinite period until otherwise announced.

Who Must File an FBAR

United States persons are required to file an FBAR if:

1. The United States person had a financial interest in or signature authority over at least one financial account located outside of the United States; and
2. The aggregate value of all foreign financial accounts exceeded $10,000 at any time during the calendar year to be reported.

United States person means United States citizens; United States residents; entities, including but not limited to, corporations, partnerships, or limited liability companies created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States; and trusts or estates formed under the laws of the United States.

Exceptions to the Reporting Requirement

Exceptions to the FBAR reporting requirements can be found in the FBAR instructions. There are filing exceptions for the following United States persons or foreign financial accounts:

1. Certain foreign financial accounts jointly owned by spouses;
2. United States persons included in a consolidated FBAR;
3. Correspondent/nostro accounts;
4. Foreign financial accounts owned by a governmental entity;
5. Foreign financial accounts owned by an international financial institution;
6. IRA owners and beneficiaries;
7. Participants in and beneficiaries of tax-qualified retirement plans;
8. Certain individuals with signature authority over but no financial interest in a foreign financial account;
9. Trust beneficiaries; and
10. Foreign financial accounts maintained on a United States military banking facility.

Look to the FBAR instructions to determine eligibility for an exception and to review exception requirements.

Reporting and Filing Information

A person who holds a foreign financial account may have a reporting obligation even though the account produces no taxable income. Checking the appropriate block on FBAR-related federal tax return or information return questions (for example, on Schedule B of Form 1040,

the "Other Information" section of Form 1041, Schedule B of Form 1065, and Schedule N of Form 1120) and filing the FBAR, satisfies the account holder's reporting obligation.
The FBAR is not filed with the filer's federal income tax return. The granting, by the IRS, of an extension to file federal income tax returns does not extend the due date for filing an FBAR. You may not request an extension for filing the FBAR. The FBAR is an annual report and must be received by the Department of the Treasury in Detroit, MI, at one of the two addresses below, on or before June 30th of the year following the calendar year being reported.
File by mailing the FBAR to:

United States Department of the Treasury
P.O. Box 32621
Detroit, MI 48232-0621

If an express delivery service is required for a timely filed FBAR, address the parcel to:

IRS Enterprise Computing Center
ATTN: CTR Operations Mailroom, 4th Floor
985 Michigan Avenue
Detroit, MI 48226

Delivery messenger service contact telephone number: (313) 234-1062
Account holders who do not comply with the FBAR reporting requirements may be subject to civil penalties, criminal penalties, or both.

Electronic Filing for FBAR Forms

On July 18, 2011, FinCEN announced that it has developed an electronic filing system that will accept the FBAR form. E-filing is a quick and secure way for individuals to file FBARs. Filers will receive an acknowledgement of each submission. For more information about FBAR e-filing, read the FinCEN news release.

New Reporting Requirements by U.S. Taxpayers Holding Foreign Financial Assets (Form 8938)

Taxpayers with specified foreign financial assets that exceed certain thresholds must report those assets to the IRS on Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets. The new Form 8938 filing requirement does not replace or otherwise affect a taxpayers requirement to file FBAR. A chart providing a comparison of Form 8938 and FBAR requirements, and other information to help taxpayers determine if they are required to file Form 8938, may be accessed from the IRS Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act Web page.

FBAR Assistance

Help in completing Form TD F 90-22.1 (PDF) is available Monday - Friday, 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Eastern time, at 866-270-0733 (toll-free inside the U.S.) or 313-234-6146 (not toll-free, for callers outside the U.S.). The form is available online at IRS.gov and Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Web site or by telephone at 800-829-3676. Questions regarding the

 For the assistance contact Lance Wallach at lancewallach.com or call 516-935-7346

OVDI, FBAR, INTERNATIONAL TAX UPDATE: Deadlines, E-Filing Option and New IRS Form 8938

Lance Wallach

June 15, 2012

American taxpayers. person with a financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, any financial account outside the U.S. must file an annual report on Treasury Form TD F 90-22.1 Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, commonly known as an “FBAR” if the aggregate value of all such accounts exceeds 10,000 at any time during the calendar year. Unlike tax returns, which may be mailed on the filing deadline and be considered timely, the FBAR for 2011 must have been received by Treasury by June 30, 2012.

As summarized below, over the past year, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network “FinCEN” has issued guidance regarding extended filing FBAR deadlines and new filing options. The Internal Revenue Service has also issued a new form Form 8938 that requires additional disclosure regarding foreign financial assets.

  
There is now an online filing option for FBARs that require only one signature. The online form and instructions provide for a more immediate means by which to ensure that the FBAR was received by the June 30 deadline. Since only one signature can be submitted on the electronic form, the e-filing process is not an option for joint filers. 

 For filers not using the e-filing option, this form must be filed with the U.S. Department of Treasury, P.O. Box 32621, Detroit, MI, 48232-0621. The address for commercial delivery is: IRS Enterprise Computing Center, Attn: CTR Operations Mailroom, 4th Floor, 985 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, MI, 48226, contact phone number: 313-234-1062. Note that the contact phone number for courier delivery may not be used to confirm receipt of the FBAR.

As clarified in the final regulations which were issued last year, the following definitions determine those individuals and entities subject to the FBAR filing obligation:

1. “United States person” is defined to mean a United States citizen or resident; an entity, including but not limited to a corporation, partnership, or limited liability company, created or organized in the United States or under the laws of the United States; and a trust or estate formed under the laws of the United States. Non-U.S. persons doing business in the United States are not required to file FBARs.

2. A “financial account” includes a savings deposit, demand deposit, checking, securities, security derivatives, debt card, prepaid credit card and any other financial instrument account, including certain insurance products and foreign pension funds. This includes an account with “a mutual fund or similar pooled fund which issues shares available to the general public that have a regular net asset value determination and regular redemptions."

An equity interest in a hedge fund or private equity fund is not currently considered to be a “financial account,” though the IRS is considering this question further.

A United States person having a financial interest in 25 or more foreign financial accounts, or signature or other authority over 25 or more foreign financial accounts need only provide the number of financial accounts and certain other basic information on the FBAR form. If requested in the future, detailed information concerning each account must be provided.

3. A person has a “financial interest” in an account if he has legal title or is the owner of record, regardless of whether the account is maintained for his benefit. For example, IRS guidance provides that an individual who may access a foreign financial account held on another’s behalf due to a power of attorney and who is the owner of record on the account has a “financial interest” in such account and must file the FBAR.

In some cases, certain direct and indirect stockholders of corporations, partners of partnerships and persons holding voting or equity interests in other entities may be required to file FBARs with respect to foreign financial accounts of these entities. In particular, these rules apply to a United States person who owns, directly or indirectly, more than 50 percent of (a) the voting power or the total value of the shares of a corporation, (b) the interest in profits or capital of a partnership, or (c) the voting power, total value of the equity interest or assets, or interest in profits. For example, if a U.S. corporation owns 100% of a foreign company that has foreign financial accounts, the domestic corporation must file an FBAR, as must any shareholder who owns more than 50% of the voting power or total value of the shares of the U.S. Corporation.

A present beneficial interest in more than 50% of the current income or more than 50% of the assets of a trust that holds a foreign financial account triggers an FBAR filing requirement by the trust beneficiary. However, a trust beneficiary does not need to file the FBAR if the trust, trustee or an agent is a United States person and files an FBAR disclosing the trust’s foreign accounts. A person with a remainder interest in a trust is not within the scope of the FBAR. It is also possible that a discretionary beneficiary of a trust may not have an FBAR filing requirement with respect to the trust.

4. “Signature authority” is defined as the power of an individual to control the disposition of assets held in a foreign financial account by direct communication (whether in writing or otherwise) with the financial institution that maintains the financial account. An individual who merely has the power to allocate assets within an account does not have “signature authority” for the purposes of the FBAR filing requirement.

Note that a United States person that causes an entity to be created for the purpose of evading the FBAR requirement shall have a reportable financial interest.
 
In addition to any applicable FBAR filing obligations, certain individual U.S. taxpayers holding specified foreign financial assets with an aggregate value exceeding $50,000 must report information about those assets on new Form 8938. Unlike the FBAR, which is filed with the Treasury separate from any other tax filings by a June 30 deadline, Form 8938 must be attached to the individual taxpayer’s annual income tax return. Higher asset thresholds apply to U.S. taxpayers who file a joint tax return or who reside abroad (see below).

Form 8938 reporting applies for specified foreign financial assets in which the taxpayer has an interest in taxable years starting after March 18, 2010. For most individual taxpayers, this means they should have started filing Form 8938 with their 2011 income tax return. Individual taxpayers that hold interests in foreign financial accounts may thus need to report such accounts on at least three separate forms: their individual U.S. tax return, the FBAR and Form 8938. Individual taxpayers are encouraged to consult with their tax advisers to determine which of these or other forms may be required.


 
The penalty for failure to file the FBAR, if non-willful, is up to $10,000. Willful failures to comply with the filing requirement incur penalties of up to $100,000 or 50% of the foreign financial account balances; criminal penalties may also apply. The IRS says willfulness can be a conscious effort to avoid learning about FBAR reporting. In its internal audit guidance, the IRS says that with hardly any diligence, a taxpayer could have learned of the FBAR filing requirements quite easily. Thus taxpayers with foreign accounts are advised to read the information the government specifies in its tax forms and instructions. A failure to follow-up on this knowledge may provide evidence of “willful blindness.”

The penalty for failure to file Form 8938 is up to $10,000 for a failure to disclose the foreign financial assets and an additional $10,000 for each 30-days of non-filing after the IRS issues a notice of failure to disclose, for a maximum potential penalty of $60,000; criminal penalties may also apply.

I suggest that when dealing with these very important issues, it is important to utilize a competent CPA with many years of experience in dealing with international tax. In my opinion a long-term former employee of the IRS who was in the international division would be the first step. If that CPA also was an IRS appeals Officer at sometime in his career that would be a plus. The reason for this is we have seen excellent results when a US taxpayer files for amnesty and then opts out. If this tricky procedure is done properly the US taxpayer ends up dealing with the appeals division of the IRS. When you deal with the Appeals Division of the IRS you almost always get a better deal and pay less taxes that could result in a savings of thousands of dollars.

I have received a very large number of phone calls form US taxpayers who are trying to deal with some or all of these issues. Almost all of the advise they have received from CPA’s or attorney’s has been in my opinion been flawed. By filing for amnesty and then properly opting out most taxpayers will save thousands.

 Lance Wallach, National Society of Accountants Speaker of the Year and member of the AICPA faculty of teaching professionals, is a frequent speaker on retirement plans, abusive tax shelters, financial, international tax, and estate planning.  He writes about 412(i), 419, Section79, FBAR and captive insurance plans. He speaks at more than ten conventions annually, writes for more than 50 publications, is quoted regularly in the press and has been featured on television and radio financial talk shows including NBC, National Public Radio’s “All Things Considered” and others. Lance has written numerous books including “Protecting Clients from Fraud, Incompetence and Scams,” published by John Wiley and Sons, Bisk Education’s “CPA’s Guide to Life Insurance and Federal Estate and Gift Taxation,” as well as the AICPA best-selling books, including “Avoiding Circular 230 Malpractice Traps and Common Abusive Small Business Hot Spots.” He does expert witness testimony and has never lost a case. Contact him at 516.938.5007, wallachinc@gmail.com or visit www.taxadvisorexpert.com.

The information provided herein is not intended as legal, accounting, financial or any type of advice for any specific individual or other entity. You should contact an appropriate professional for any such advice.

Do You Have a Potential Abusive Tax Avoidance Transaction

People think that accountants and tax lawyers lead boring lives. Perhaps that may be true for some, but there is plenty of action these days with the IRS and their Employment Plans tax group. Recently, the IRS identified an “emerging issue” that it calls a potential Abusive Tax Avoidance Transaction. If you are a small business with an employment benefit plan, those words are never good to hear.

According to an internal IRS training document we recently obtained, the IRS is now targeting for audit small and medium sized businesses that created their own separate management companies. While creating a separate company to provide management services is legal, the IRS wants to make sure there is a legitimate business reason for doing so. The IRS is actively examining (auditing) businesses that are funneling large sums of money from the operating company to the management company and thus insuring the operating company pays little or no taxes. By transferring funds to the management company, the business strips away much of the income from operations.

Once the money is in the management company, the owners create a defined benefit plan that benefits only the owners and none of the rank and file workers.

http://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=33068

Tax Audit Experts - Don't Write That Big IRS Check Yet!

Tax Audit Experts - Don't Write That Big IRS Check Yet!